Secretaries and Administrative Assistants

Secretaries and Administrative Assistants The roles of secretaries and administrative assistants have changed rapidly over the last few years. The career education information presented here will help you learn more about careers in administration, the job outlook, the career training required, and the career opportunities.

Learn more in the career education information listed below:

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Secretaries and Administrative Assistants

Secretaries and Administrative Assistants The roles of secretaries and administrative assistants have changed rapidly over the last few years. The career education information presented here will help you learn more about careers in administration, the job outlook, the career training required, and the career opportunities.

Learn more in the career education information listed below:

• Job Description
• Employment
• Job Outlook
• Related Occupations
• Working Conditions
• Education, Training & Qualifications
• Salary Expectations
• Associations, Resources & Accreditation

Overview

• Increasing office automation and organizational restructuring will lead to slow growth in overall employment of secretaries and administrative assistants.
• Job openings will stem primarily from the need to replace workers who transfer to other occupations or leave this very large occupation for other reasons each year. Opportunities should be best for skilled and experienced secretaries.

Job Description

As technology continues to expand in offices across the Nation, the role of the office professional has greatly evolved. Office automation and organizational restructuring have led secretaries and administrative assistants to assume a wider range of new responsibilities once reserved for managerial and professional staff. Many secretaries and administrative assistants now provide training and orientation for new staff, conduct research on the Internet, and operate and troubleshoot new office technologies. In the midst of these changes, however, their core responsibilities have remained much the same, although changed from manual to electronic - performing and coordinating an office's administrative activities, storing retrieving, and integrating information for dissemination to staff and clients.

Secretaries and administrative assistants are responsible for a variety of administrative and clerical duties necessary to run an organization efficiently. They serve as an information manager for an office, schedule meetings and appointments, organize and maintain paper and electronic files, manage projects, conduct research, and provide information via the telephone, postal mail, and e-mail. They also may prepare correspondence and handle travel arrangements.

Secretaries and administrative assistants are aided in these tasks by a variety of office equipment, such as facsimile machines, photocopiers, and telephone systems. In addition, secretaries and administrative assistants increasingly use personal computers to create spreadsheets, compose correspondence, manage databases, and create reports and documents via desktop publishing, and using digital graphics - all tasks previously handled by managers and other professionals. At the same time, these other office workers have assumed many tasks traditionally assigned to secretaries and administrative assistants, such as word processing and answering the telephone. Because secretaries and administrative assistants are often relieved from dictation and typing, they can support more members of the executive staff. In a number of organizations, secretaries and administrative assistants work in teams in order to work flexibly and share their expertise.

Specific job duties vary with experience and titles. Executive secretaries and administrative assistants, for example, perform fewer clerical tasks than other secretaries. In addition to arranging conference calls, and scheduling meetings, they may handle more complex responsibilities such as conducting research, preparing statistical reports, training employees, and supervising other clerical staff.

Some secretaries and administrative assistants, such as legal and medical secretaries, perform highly specialized work requiring knowledge of technical terminology and procedures. For instance, legal secretaries prepare correspondence and legal papers such as summonses, complaints, motions, responses, and subpoenas under the supervision of an attorney or paralegal. They also may review legal journals and assist in other ways with legal research, such as verifying quotes and citations in legal briefs. Medical secretaries transcribe dictation, prepare correspondence, and assist physicians or medical scientists with reports, speeches, articles, and conference proceedings. They also record simple medical histories, arrange for patients to be hospitalized, and order supplies. Most medical secretaries need to be familiar with insurance rules, billing practices, and hospital or laboratory procedures. Other technical secretaries who assist engineers or scientists may prepare correspondence, maintain the technical library, and gather and edit materials for scientific papers.

Working Conditions

Secretaries and administrative assistants usually work in offices with other professionals in schools, hospitals, corporate settings, or in legal and medical offices. Their jobs often involve sitting for long periods. If they spend a lot of time typing, particularly at a video display terminal, they may encounter problems of eyestrain, stress, and repetitive motion, such as carpal tunnel syndrome.

Office work can lend itself to alternative or flexible working arrangements, such as part time work or telecommuting(especially if their jobs requires extensive computer use. More than 1 secretary in 7 works part time and many others work in temporary positions. A few participate in job sharing arrangements in which two people divide responsibility for a single job. The majority of secretaries, however, are full-time employees who work a standard 40-hour week.

Employment

Secretaries and administrative assistants held about 3.9 million jobs in 2000, ranking among the largest occupations in the U.S. economy. The following tabulation shows the distribution of employment by secretarial specialty.

• Secretaries, except legal, medical, and executive 1,864,000
• Executive secretaries and administrative assistants 1,445,000
• Medical secretaries 314,000
• Legal secretaries 279,000

Secretaries and administrative assistants are employed in organizations of every type. Almost 3 out of 5 secretaries and administrative assistants are employed in firms providing services, ranging from education and health to legal and business services. Others work for firms engaged in manufacturing, construction, wholesale and retail trade, transportation, and communications. Banks, insurance companies, investment firms, and real estate firms are also important employers, as are Federal, State, and local government agencies.

Education, Training & Qualifications

High school graduates who have basic office skills may qualify for entry-level secretarial positions. However, employers increasingly require extensive knowledge of software applications, such as word processing, spreadsheets, and database management. Secretaries and administrative assistants should be proficient in keyboarding and good at spelling, punctuation, grammar, and oral communication. Because secretaries and administrative assistants must be tactful in their dealings with people, employers also look for good interpersonal skills. Discretion, good judgment, organizational or management ability, initiative, and the ability to work independently are especially important for higher-level administrative positions.

As office automation continues to evolve, retraining and continuing education will remain an integral part of secretarial jobs. Changes in the office environment have increased the demand for secretaries and administrative assistants who are adaptable and versatile. Secretaries and administrative assistants may have to attend classes to learn how to operate new office technologies, such as information storage systems, scanners, the Internet, or new updated software packages, or utilize online education.

Secretaries and administrative assistants acquire skills in various ways. Training ranges from high school vocational education programs that teach office skills and keyboarding to 1- and 2-year programs in office administration offered by business schools, vocational-technical institutes, and community colleges. Many temporary placement agencies also provide formal training in computer and office skills. Many skills are often acquired, however, through on-the-job instruction by other employees or by equipment and software vendors. Specialized training programs are available for students planning to become medical or legal secretaries or administrative technology specialists. Bachelor's degrees and professional certifications are becoming increasingly important as business continues to become more global.

Testing and certification for entry-level office skills is available through the International Association of Administrative Professionals and NALS, the association for legal professionals. As secretaries and administrative assistants gain experience, they can earn the Certified Professional Secretary (CPS) designation or the Certified Administrative Professional (CAP) designation by meeting certain experience and/or educational requirements and passing an examination. Similarly, those with one year's experience in the legal field or who have concluded an approved training course and who want to be certified as a legal support professional can acquire the basic designation of Accredited Legal Secretary (ALS) by a testing process administered by NALS. NALS also offers an examination to confer the designation of Professional Legal Secretary (PLS), an advanced certification for legal support professionals. Legal Secretaries International confers the Certified Legal Secretary Specialist (CLSS) designation in specialized areas such as civil trial, real estate, probate, and business law, to those who have 5 years of law-related experience and pass an examination. In some instances, waivers of certain requirements may be available.

Secretaries generally advance by being promoted to other administrative positions with more responsibilities. Qualified secretaries who broaden their knowledge of a company's operations and enhance their skills may be promoted to other positions such as senior or executive secretary, clerical supervisor, or office manager. Secretaries with word processing or data entry experience can advance to jobs as word processing or data entry trainers, supervisors, or managers within their own firms or in a secretarial, word processing or data entry service bureau. Secretarial experience can also lead to jobs such as instructor or sales representative with manufacturers of software or computer equipment. With additional training, many legal secretaries become paralegals.

Job Outlook

Overall, employment of secretaries and administrative assistants is expected to grow more slowly than the average for all occupations over the 2000-10 period. In addition to openings due to growth, numerous job openings will result from the need to replace workers who transfer to other occupations or leave this very large occupation for other reasons each year. Opportunities should be best for well-qualified and experienced secretaries.

Projected employment of secretaries will vary by occupational specialty. Employment growth in the health and legal services industries should lead to average growth for medical and legal secretaries. Employment of executive secretaries and administrative assistants also is projected to grow about as fast as the average for all occupations. Fast growing industries - such as personnel supply, computer and data processing services, health and legal services education, and engineering and management - will continue to generate most new job opportunities. A decline in employment is expected for all other secretaries except legal, medical, or executive. They account for almost half of all secretaries and administrative assistants.

Growing levels of office automation and organizational restructuring will continue to make secretaries and administrative assistants more productive in coming years. Personal computers, electronic mail, scanners, and voice message systems will allow secretaries to accomplish more in the same amount of time. The use of automated equipment is also changing the distribution of work in many offices. In some cases, such traditional secretarial duties as keyboarding, filing, photocopying, and bookkeeping are being assigned to workers in other units or departments. Professionals and managers increasingly do their own word processing and data entry; and handle much of their own correspondence rather than submit the work to secretaries and other support staff. Also, in some law offices and physicians' offices, paralegals and medical assistants are assuming some tasks formerly done by secretaries. As other workers assume more of these duties, there is a trend in many offices for professionals and managers to "share" secretaries and administrative assistants. The traditional arrangement of one secretary per manager is becoming less prevalent; instead, secretaries and administrative assistants increasingly support systems, departments, or units. This approach often means secretaries and administrative assistants assume added responsibilities and are seen as valuable members of a team, but it also contributes to the decline in employment projected for overall numbers of secretaries and administrative assistants.

Developments in office technology are certain to continue, and they will bring about further changes in the secretary's and administrative assistant's work environment. However, many secretarial and administrative duties are of a personal, interactive nature and, therefore, not easily automated. Responsibilities such as planning conferences, working with clients, and transmitting staff instructions require tact and communication skills. Because technology cannot substitute for these personal skills, secretaries and administrative assistants will continue to play a key role in most organizations.

Salary Expectations

Median annual earnings of executive secretaries and administrative assistants were $31,090 in 2000. The middle 50 percent earned between $24,970 and $38,370 in 2000. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $20,350, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $46,250. Median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest numbers of executive secretaries and administrative assistants in 2000, were:

• Computer and data processing services $33,720
• Local government $32,100
• Elementary and secondary schools $30,470
• Colleges and universities $29,710
• Personnel supply services $28,020

Median annual earnings of legal secretaries, were $34,740 in 2000. The middle 50 percent earned between $27,650 and $42,510. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $22,440, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $50,970. Medical secretaries earned a median annual salary of $23,430 in 2000. The middle 50 percent earned between $19,530 and $28,120. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $16,510, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $34,510. Median annual earnings of all other secretaries, excluding legal, medical, and executive secretaries, were about $23,870 in 2000.

Salaries vary a great deal, however, reflecting differences in skill, experience, and level of responsibility. Salaries also vary in different parts of the country; earnings are usually lowest in southern cities, and highest in northern and western cities. In addition, salaries vary by industry; salaries of secretaries tend to be highest in transportation, legal services, and public utilities, and lowest in retail trade and finance, insurance, and real estate. Certification in this field usually is rewarded by a higher salary.

The starting salary for inexperienced secretaries in the Federal Government was $17,474 a year in 2001. Beginning salaries were slightly higher in selected areas where the prevailing local pay level was higher. All secretaries employed by the Federal Government averaged about $33,354 a year in early 2001.

Related Occupations

A number of other workers type, record information, and process paperwork. Among them are bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks; receptionists and information clerks; court reporters; human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping; computer operators; data entry and information processing workers; paralegals and legal assistants; medical assistants; and medical records and health information technicians. A growing number of secretaries share in managerial and human resource responsibilities. Occupations requiring these skills include office and administrative support supervisors and managers, computer and information systems managers, administrative services managers, and human resources, training, and labor relations managers and specialists.

Associations, Resources & Accreditation

State employment offices provide information about job openings for secretaries. For information on the Certified Professional Secretary designation or the Certified Administrative Professional designation, contact:

• International Association of Administrative Professionals

Information on the Certified Legal Secretary Specialist designation can be obtained from:

• Legal Secretaries International Inc.

Information on the Accredited Legal Secretary (ALS) and the Professional Legal Secretary (PLS) certifications is available from:

• NALS, Inc.

Source:

Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2002-03 Edition, Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/oco/

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The Curriculum and Instruction Program is a graduate degree for bachelor prepared individuals who wish to develop and enhance their curriculum and instruction. The program encompasses the study of curricular planning and development with an integration of technology, assessment and evaluation practices, strategies for effective classroom instruction for a variety of learners and critical issues within the field of education. The mathematics specialization focuses on the effective curricular, teaching, and assessment practices in the content areas of algebra, geometry, and statistics.

The College of Education is within the Artemis School and offers graduate level degree and non-degree courses for educators. The Master of Arts in Education is the graduate degree program offered through the College of Education. Graduate non-degree programming includes several state specific certificates/endorsements. Each student/applicant is responsible for checking with his/her state Department of Education and/or school district to determine specific credentialing requirements.

The College of Education works closely with other departments responsible for providing and administering academic programming at the University and with each campus to ensure the quality delivery of all courses and programs.

The Master of Arts in Education degree program is designed to meet the specific needs of educators through specialization in several areas - Administration and Supervision, Adult Education and Distance Learning, Curriculum and Instruction, Curriculum and Technology, Early Childhood Education, Educational Counseling, Special Education, and Elementary and Secondary Teacher Education. Each area of specialization offers courses developed to enhance and refine the skills of the individual whether an administrator, educational counselor, classroom teacher, or corporate trainer.

The Master of Arts in Education with a specialization in Early Childhood Education is a graduate degree for educators seeking knowledge and expertise in the field of early childhood development and teaching. The curriculum includes instructional strategies, teaching methodologies, assessment techniques, theories of early childhood growth and development, and the impact of family and cultural diversity on early childhood.

The Master of Arts in Education degree program involves a variety of learning formats, depending upon the subject matter and competencies to be developed. These formats include lecture, group work, and self-directed learning. Additional time is required outside of the formal class sessions for homework, learning team meetings, and project activities.

The Master of Arts in Education/Elementary Teacher Education (MAED/TED-E) program is a degree program leading to teacher licensure. The guiding philosophy of the MAED/TED-E program is to provide the adult student, who already has a degree in a discipline other than education, with the skills and knowledge that will allow them to become a competent and effective educator. This program focuses on elementary student learning by improving the educator's responsibility for that learning.

Student teaching is an integral component of the Teacher Education Program. It provides students with a field-based experience at the appropriate grade and content level. Student teachers work with a cooperating teacher from a school site and with a University of Phoenix faculty advisor. The student teaching experience is designed to emphasize the achievement of state standards leading to certification and to present individuals with growth opportunities that best prepare them to assume the duties of a certified classroom teacher.

The Master of Arts in Education/Secondary Teacher Education (MAED/TED-S) program is a degree program leading to teacher licensure. The guiding philosophy of the MAED/TED-S program is to provide the adult student, who already has a degree in a discipline other than education, with the skills and knowledge that will allow them to become a competent and effective educator. This program focuses on secondary student learning by improving the educator's responsibility for that learning.

Student teaching is an integral component of the Teacher Education Program. It provides students with a field-based experience at the appropriate grade and content level. Student teachers work with a cooperating teacher from a school site and with a University of Phoenix faculty advisor. The student teaching experience is designed to emphasize the achievement of state standards leading to certification and to present individuals with growth opportunities that best prepare them to assume the duties of a certified classroom teacher.

Program Description Coming Soon

Program Description Coming Soon

Program Description Coming Soon

Program Description Coming Soon

Program Description Coming Soon

Program Description Coming Soon.

The Master of Arts in Education degree program with a specialization in Special Education prepares candidates to be cross categorical special educators. The program curriculum includes a survey of exceptional students, foundations and methodologies of mild disabilities, diagnosis and assessment of disabilities, management of student behavior, instruction in the content areas, and collaboration and resource management for the special educator. A supervised student teaching experience in special education is incorporated into the degree.

The Master of Health Administration (MHA) program prepares leaders who can effectively respond to the dynamic and ever-changing health care industry. These individuals have a capacity to critically examine and evaluate issues and trends and are empowered to influence the destiny of the global health care system. Curriculum is tailored to the needs of the health care leader/manager by providing content in finance, policy, research, technology, quality improvement, economics, marketing and strategic planning. In addition, students will also be asked to complete course work related to their area of concentration such as public health, long-term care, and health informatics.

Graduates of the MHA program will have enhanced their management/administrative background and specialty area through the completion of a curriculum that provides students with the latest theories and contemporary practice applications. Graduates are able to define their role within the health care system and understand how to make necessary changes to create a work environment, which is team oriented and motivating to others.

This program specialization is designed to provide health care professionals with diverse interdisciplinary backgrounds with the knowledge and process of aging. Content is designed to provide students with relevant information related to the physical, mental, and social aspects of gerontology as well as human services, economic and legal factors that influence elders.

This program specialization is designed for health care and nursing professionals interested in pursuing careers in educational or service settings. Current educators can update or expand their knowledge in curriculum development, assessment and evaluation, and revitalize their teaching and learning strategies. Combining your current professional expertise with the knowledge of teaching and learning strategies, assessment and evaluation and curriculum, and program design will expand and enhance your role as a health care educator. Content can be applied to patient teaching, continuing education or in-service education, community health education, as well as to the role and delivery of academic education.

This program specialization is designed for health care and nursing professionals interested in pursuing or advancing in careers associated with health care informatics and technology. Individuals with no background in informatics receive an overview of informatics as it relates to delivery within a health care facility. The program is designed to provide the learner with current knowledge in concepts of health care informatics, systems life cycle, and data management.

The Master of Management program is designed to enhance the management skills students need to function effectively within an organization. Students learn to synthesize business concepts and practices presented in this program to develop solutions for specific managerial situations found within the organizational environment. Areas of focus include development of human capital, implementation of organizational initiatives, managing conflict, fostering creativity, innovation through organizational design, and managing in a cross-cultural environment.

The Master of Management program at University of Phoenix utilizes problem-based learning where students refine their problem-solving skills along with their communication, creativity, information-utilization, and critical-thinking skills. They are assessed on the basis of their use of the problem-solving process (which employs a general rubric) as well as their communication and critical-thinking skills during their presentations. Learning teams will apply the principles of benchmarking throughout the program to research the most creative solutions to a problem. This will enrich the alternatives that learners consider in evaluating possible solutions to the problems.

Throughout the program, students will create and defend their solutions to problems of crisis management, profitable growth opportunities, and change leadership. Students gain experience in distilling a situation into a well-defined problem; applying tools and concepts to analyze a variety of alternative solutions; and selecting and defending their recommended course of action.

The Master of Management/Human Resources Management program (MM/HRM) is designed to enhance the management skills students need to function effectively within an organization. Students focus on leadership, management-or the human side of an organization. This program places emphasis on emerging management theory, techniques, and practices.

The College of Graduate Business has created interactive, multimedia, case-based simulations that place students in real-world environments and require them to apply critical thinking skills to decision-making situations. Each simulation offers learners the opportunity to identify the information required to solve the problem, assess alternative solutions, and receive feedback on their choices.

The MM/HRM program develops management skills in defining business problems, assessing information, considering alternatives, and choosing the best solutions. Graduates attain the skill sets necessary to evaluate and manage the challenges facing contemporary organizations.

The Master of Management/Public Administration program (MM/PA) is designed to enhance the management skills needed to function effectively within an organization. Students focus on leadership and management-the human side of an organization. This program emphasizes emerging management theory, techniques, and practices.

The College of Graduate Business has created interactive, multimedia, case-based simulations that place students in real-world environments and require them to apply critical thinking skills to decision-making situations. Each simulation offers learners the opportunity to identify the information required to solve the problem, assess alternative solutions, and receive feedback on their choices.

The MM/PA program develops management skills in defining business problems, assessing information, considering alternatives, and choosing the best solutions. Graduates attain the skill sets necessary to evaluate and manage the challenges facing contemporary organizations.

Program Description Coming Soon

The Master of Business Administration program is designed to enhance the management skills students need to function effectively within an organization. Students will create and defend their solutions to problems of crisis management, profitable growth opportunities, and change leadership. Throughout the program, students gain experience in distilling a situation into a well-defined problem; applying tools and concepts to analyze a variety of alternative solutions; and selecting and defending their recommended course of action.

The Master of Business Administration program at University of Phoenix utilizes problem-based learning where students refine their problem solving skills along with their communication, creativity, information utilization, and critical thinking skills. They are assessed on the basis of their use of the problem solving process (which employs a general rubric) as well as their communication and critical thinking skills during their presentation.

The Master of Business Administration with a concentration in Accounting (MBA/ACC) is designed to develop or enhance the financial management skills necessary to function effectively within private businesses, non-profit organizations, and public agencies. The program concentrates on managing human and fiscal resources within the structure, culture, and mission of any organization. The curriculum addresses advanced costing techniques, accounting theory, accounting information systems, issues in corporate taxation, executive management, budgeting, human resources management, organizational development, conflict management, strategic planning, information management, and decision making, among other subjects.

Globalization has increased the need for individuals with specialized knowledge and skills necessary to manage multicultural and multinational workforces effectively in a rapidly-changing environment. The MBA / Global Management program has been developed to provide those individuals the opportunity to study in a program specifically designed for their needs as current or future managers.

The Master of Business Administration/Health Care Management program is designed to enhance the management skills students need to function effectively within a health care organization. Students will create and defend their solutions to problems of crisis management, profitable growth opportunities, and change leadership. Throughout the program, students gain experience in distilling a situation into a well-defined problem; applying tools and concepts to analyze a variety of alternative solutions; and selecting and defending their recommended course of action.

The Master of Business Administration program at the University of Phoenix utilizes problem-based learning where refine their problem solving skills along with their communication, creativity, information utilization, and critical thinking skills. They are assessed on the basis of their use of the problem solving process (which employs a general rubric) as well as their communication and critical thinking skills during their presentation.

The MBA/HCM specialization is designed to provide students with the business management skills needed to manage successfully in today's health care delivery systems. The MBA/HCM program emphasizes the identification, analysis, and solution of complex management problems. Also addressed are health care concepts and decision models used by managers in today's health care environment. The MBA/HCM specialization is based upon courses in health care organizations, health care infrastructure, and current issues in health law and ethics.

The Master of Business Administration/Human Resources Management program is designed to enhance the management skills students need to function effectively within an organization. Students will create and defend their solutions to problems of crisis management, profitable growth opportunities, and change leadership. Throughout the program, students gain experience in distilling a situation into a well-defined problem; applying tools and concepts to analyze a variety of alternative solutions; and selecting and defending their recommended course of action.

The Master of Business Administration program at University of Phoenix utilizes problem-based learning where students refine their problem solving skills along with their communication, creativity, information utilization, and critical thinking skills. They are assessed on the basis of their use of the problem solving process (which employs a general rubric) as well as their communication and critical thinking skills during their presentation.

In the MBA/HRM specialization, students will create complex business problem solving scenarios drawing upon skills and competencies mastered during the program. Students will gain experience in distilling a situation into a well-defined business problem to exploit management-based opportunities for an organization of their choice. They will apply business tools and concepts to analyze a variety of alternative solutions, and will receive feedback on the choices they make. They will defend their solutions and recommend a course of action and performance-based evaluation metrics for the business problem.

The Master of Business Administration/Marketing program is designed to enhance the management skills students need to function effectively within a marketing organization. Students will create and defend their solutions to problems of crisis management, profitable growth opportunities, and change leadership. Throughout the program, students gain experience in distilling a situation into a well-defined problem; applying tools and concepts to analyze a variety of alternative solutions; and selecting and defending their recommended course of action.

The Master of Business Administration program at the University of Phoenix utilizes problem-based learning where students refine their problem solving skills along with their communication, creativity, information utilization, and critical thinking skills. They are assessed on the basis of their use of the problem solving process (which employs a general rubric) as well as their communication and critical thinking skills during their presentation.

In the MBA/MKT specialization, students will create complex business problem solving scenarios drawing upon skills and competencies mastered during the program. Students will gain experience in distilling a situation into a well-defined business problem to exploit marketing-based opportunities for an organization of their choice. They will apply business tools and concepts to analyze a variety of alternative solutions, and will receive feedback on the choices they make. They will defend their solutions and recommend a course of action and performance-based evaluation metrics for the business problem.

The Master of Business Administration/Technology Management program is designed to enhance the management skills students need to function effectively within a technology organization. Students will create and defend their solutions to technology-based problems of crisis management, profitable growth opportunities, and change leadership. Throughout the program, students gain experience in distilling a situation into a well-defined problem; applying tools and concepts to analyze a variety of alternative solutions; and selecting and defending their recommended course of action.

The Master of Business Administration program at University of Phoenix utilizes problem-based learning where students refine their problem solving skills along with their communication, creativity, information utilization, and critical thinking skills. They are assessed on the basis of their use of the problem solving process (which employs a general rubric) as well as their communication and critical thinking skills during their presentation.

In the MBA/TM specialization, students will create complex business problem solving scenarios drawing upon skills and competencies mastered during the program. Students will gain experience in distilling a situation into a well-defined business problem to exploit technology-based opportunities for an organization of their choice. They will apply business tools and concepts to analyze a variety of alternative solutions, and will receive feedback on the choices they make. They will defend their solutions and recommend a course of action and performance-based evaluation metrics for the business problem.

Learning teams will apply the principles of benchmarking throughout the program to research the most creative solutions to a technology problem. This will enrich the alternatives that learners consider in evaluating possible solutions to the problems.

The Master of Psychology program focuses on the general rather than clinical psychological study of individuals, including their behaviors, thought processes and emotions. The program will provide supervisors in a variety of disciplines with an understanding of the cognitive and affective processes that underlie the individual human experience and behavior; research methodologies by which this knowledge is acquired; critical thinking and problem solving necessary to evaluate behavior; and the application of theoretical principles to inter- and intra-personal issues. The courses in this program do not have a clinical emphasis and do not lead to professional licensure.

The Master of Science/Administration of Justice and Security degree provides the required knowledge for the student to develop competence in administering criminal justice or security programs. While distinctions between the roles of justice and security organizations are understood, the degree emphasizes an understanding of administrative responsibilities common to both disciplines. The value of cooperative interaction is also addressed. The degree provides the student with administrative program development and problem solving skills in preparation for promotional or transitional opportunities in the management of police, corrections, security or court operations.

The Master of Science in Information Systems (MIS) program is focused on the acquisition of information technology theory and the application of theory and practice to real world business opportunities and challenges. The courses provide current theory and knowledge of essential information technology components, as well as interpersonal and intra-organizational communication. While courses examine a broad range of information technology resources, the courses emphasize the management of such resources in order to meet an organization's challenges and goals. The program has six main threads: Business Management, Business Systems Analysis and Development, Programming Management, Databases, Networks and Telecommunications, The Web, and Admission to the MIS program requires a Business Degree. The mission of the MIS is to graduate the professional adult learner with the following competencies: An ability to successfully perform and obtain desired outcomes in a variety of information system and technology environments in a business; An ability to provide leadership and management to develop, support, and execute the strategic use of information systems and technology to meet the mission, goals, and objectives of a business; An ability to apply sound business principles to maximize the effectiveness of information systems and technology physical, financial, and human resources in support of the day-to-day operations of a business. Graduates of the MIS program will be able to demonstrate competency in the following areas: Effective communication; Management of hardware, software, human, and financial resources associated with information technology of an organization; Application of the principles of the system development life cycle; Comprehension of the interrelation of business and information technology, Awareness of the environmental factors, functional relationships, and business issues that affect information technology decisions within an organization, Comprehension of the dynamic nature of technology and the requisite need to maintain currency of knowledge; and Application of information technology to solve business problems.

The Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) program, accredited by the Commission of Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE), enhances the knowledge and skills of registered nurses with baccalaureate-degree preparation. The program prepares advanced practice nurses to function in leadership roles in practice and educational settings. Advanced nursing theory and research provide the foundation for nurses to influence the future of nursing and health care. Students complete core courses in advanced nursing content and process, as well as on leadership skills. Specializations assist students to concentrate on developing increased knowledge and/or skills in a specific area of content or advanced practice role. Thirty-nine credits are required for completion of the degree.

This online program focuses on developing leaders and educators to fill critical roles in nursing. Based on educational and professional guidelines from the American Association of Colleges of Nursing and the American Nurses Association, this program uses nationally known experts to help you acquire the knowledge to educate nursing students, staff and patients-and prepare for current and future career opportunities. The program is available to RNs with a BSN, ADN, or Diploma.

• Specializations include:Education
• Leadership and Management

The Master of Health Administration program is designed to provide the skills and knowledge needed to effectively respond in today's health care industry. The Health Care Education concentration is designed to enable current or potential educators to update or expand their knowledge in curriculum development, assessment, and evaluation, and revitalize their teaching and learning strategies.

The MSN/MHA program is designed to provide nurses with a unique blend of advanced nursing and healthcare related business skills to manage in today's evolving health care delivery systems. The program combines essential elements from both degree programs to provide students with the knowledge and skills needed to effectively examine and evaluate issues and trends impacting health care. Additionally, this program is accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education.*

The MSN/MBA/HCM program is designed to provide nurses with a unique blend of advanced nursing and business management skills needed to manage today's innovative health care delivery systems. The program combines essentials from both degree programs to provide students with the knowledge and skills necessary to enhance and support patient services. The MBA/HCM program emphasizes the identification, analysis, and solution of complex management problems that require technical understanding and balanced decision making. Although a functional knowledge of accounting, finance, and management underlies the program, equal attention is given to the development of report writing, oral reporting, and group process skills.

The Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) Fast Track Program Option provides nurse practitioners (NP) with a baccalaureate degree an opportunity to enhance their educational qualifications and complete their graduate degree in nursing without leaving their current employment or home community. Because of the past diversity of nurse practitioner educational tracks many NP's obtained their licensure through certificate programming that did not provide a graduate degree component. In recognition of the nurse practitioner's prior educational learning the College has developed an accelerated graduate degree completion option for this target audience. Student's complete core courses in advanced nursing content and process, finance, change management as well as content in evidence based nursing research. Twenty- five graduate credits are required for completion of the degree.

The Master of Psychology program focuses on the general rather than clinical psychological study of individuals, including their behaviors, thought processes, and emotions. The program will provide supervisors and managers in business, marketing, human resources, government services or education with an understanding of the cognitive and affective processes that underlie the individual human experience and behavior; research methodologies by which this knowledge is acquired; critical thinking and problem solving necessary to evaluate behavior; and the application of theoretical principles to inter- and intra-personal issues.

The Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN), accredited by the Commission of Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE), is a program designed to develop the professional knowledge and skills of working registered nurses. The curriculum is built upon a foundation of biological, physical, and social sciences, which contribute to the science of nursing. The liberal arts components enhance the development of the intellectual, social, and cultural aspects of the professional nurse. This

instructional program includes behavioral objectives that concentrate on the development of the nurse's role as caregiver, teacher, and manager of care. Utilizing a self-care framework, working registered nurses are prepared as generalists who are able to apply progressional skills and knowledge to nursing, client, and health care systems.

One hallmark of the BSN program is that there is no testing of prior nursing knowledge if the RN is in good standing within the state practice. The Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree program has a 39-credit required course of study - 36 credits in the nursing major and 3 credits in the integrating course. These courses fulfill only part of the 120-minimum-credit requirement for degree completion. skills and knowledge to nursing, clients, and health care systems.

Courses and degree programs at University of Phoenix Online are available entirely online. The University of Phoenix Online is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission and a member of the North Central Association.