Guide to College Majors in Economics

What is Economics? An economics degree trains students to apply the principals and theories of natural science to the concepts and logic of mathematics. Professional economists utilize their skills in the business, social sciences, and humanities fields.

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Guide to College Majors in Economics

What is Economics? An economics degree trains students to apply the principals and theories of natural science to the concepts and logic of mathematics. Professional economists utilize their skills in the business, social sciences, and humanities fields.

Economists research and evaluate data related to anything of monetary or production value, such as:

• Labor output
• Raw materials
• Machinery
• Finished goods
• Natural resources
• Land

From the data an economist collects and evaluates, they can prepare reports and forecast about economic trends.

A graduate obtaining an economics degree can readily find a placement in a variety of fields, including:

• Banking
• Investment
• Political consulting
• Manufacturing
• Transportation
• Government
• Nonprofit organizations

Career Education in Economics

On-Campus and Online Degree Programs in Economics

An economics degree can provide a useful career boost for financial professionals like bankers or brokers. It can also provide the start of a lucrative career path for recent high school graduates. Depending on your situation, you can find an economics degree program that meets your specific needs and career goals. Therefore, you should investigate as many programs as possible to find the one that fits your needs the best.

Recent high school graduates can launch themselves into a variety of undergraduate economics degree programs. If you launched your own career right out of high school, or never completed your bachelor's degree, you can take advantage of a growing number of degree completion programs that allow you to transfer credits from your previous school.

Busy professionals can gain the long term benefits of an economics degree without sacrificing income or family commitments by participating in online or distance learning programs. Online degree candidates participate in a combination of live lectures delivered over the World Wide Web and bulletin board discussions that allow students to interact with faculty and peers. Frequently, online programs offer students a chance for deeper interaction with professors than students receive in on-campus programs.

Because the principles of economics can be applied to a number of careers, students can choose from a wide variety of degree options.

Bachelor's Degrees in Economics

Designed to give a student the core skills for a career in economics, a bachelor degree program immerses majors in the humanities while developing crucial mathematics and analytical abilities. A college degree in economics requires a curriculum of core courses which can include mathematics, English, literature, history, and a variety of electives.

An economics degree also requires degree specific classes such as advanced mathematics, mathematical economics, statistical mathematics, economic theory, microeconomics, macroeconomics, and statistical analysis and theory. Many economics majors complete their bachelor degree programs in about four years, depending on their educational institution, transferable credits, and their learning pace.

Master's Degrees in Economics

Master's degree programs in economics immerse the student in a variety of specialized fields. Students can engage themselves by researching global fiscal policies, or they can study the economic impact of globalization on corporations. Many master's degree programs allow students to work closely with professors on critical research and development projects.

Depending on a student's career path, or the specialty they wish to pursue, they may graduate with a Master of Economics, a Master of Science in Economics, and Master of Arts in Economics. Some students pursue a Master of Business Administration with a concentration in economics, to open up a highly diverse set of career opportunities. Course completion requirements and completion time vary, depending on the educational institution, transferable credits, and the learning pace of the student.

Doctorate and PhD Degrees in Economics

Doctorate level programs in economics fully develop a student's ability to research and analyze problems, preparing them for careers in academia or in government. By this point in their careers, students have already developed a clear career focus and a specific area of interest. Doctorate programs provide these students with the opportunity to teach and mentor undergraduate students while performing cutting edge research that impacts business policies and world politics.

PhD candidates focus on specific concentrations, which could include: theory of urban and regional economics, developmental economics, econometrics, monetary theory, advanced microeconomic theory, gaming theory, and experimental economics. Course completion requirements and completion time vary depending on the educational institution, transferable credits, and the learning pace of the student.

Grants and Scholarships

Prospective students who currently work for financial companies should visit their benefits office to inquire about tuition reimbursement programs. Many companies prefer to develop talent from within rather than constantly hire skilled professionals from outside their organizations. Frequently, companies will gladly pay the tuition for an economics major, with the expectation that the student will apply their new skills to help the company succeed over the long term.

In addition, since fewer students pursue a major in economics compared to other programs, many private foundations and charitable organizations offer grants and scholarships to talented or financially challenged students. Check with your local banks and chambers of commerce to discover unpublicized opportunities to earn tuition by competing in essay competitions or by committing to volunteer time in your community. Many students in rural areas or in small towns can benefit from access to skilled instructors through online economics degree programs, while applying their new skills to benefit their neighborhoods.

What Can You Do With a College Degree in Economics?

Career Options for Aspiring Economists

Like many social science majors, those who have earned economics degrees can choose from a variety of career paths. Economics students should consider which path suits them best before enrolling in a program, however, to ensure the applicable coursework is available.

Economics Career Paths

Microeconomist

These specialists measure the supply and demand flow of raw materials and services on a company-by-company basis. By collecting and evaluating this data, microeconomists help suppliers maximize profits, reduce overhead, and establish price points that will keep buyers responsive. Microeconomists who work for government agencies might find themselves working on research studies designed to highlight potential improvements in government benefits, transportation subsidies, or health care.

Organizational Economist

By evaluating the internal structure of private companies and governments, organizational economists can help financial leaders make critical decisions in response to competition and other external market forces. Organizational economists measure the relative strengths and weaknesses of corporations or government agencies, identifying ways to bolster them from attack or decay. Many organizational economists specialize in helping monopoly companies like utility companies prepare themselves for privatization.

Macroeconomist

Often employed by government agencies or private think tanks, these economic specialists compare current data to historic trends. They try to relate current events to larger, predictable cycles. Therefore, macroeconomists can reliably forecast the effects of large scale unemployment, economic growth, inflation, productivity, and investments.

Financial Economist

The banking and investment sectors rely on these specialists to understand the effects of fluctuating interest rates on their businesses. By analyzing complex statistics, financial economists can help mortgage lenders and credit card companies time special offers to coincide with expected interest rate shifts. They can also help financial corporations maximize their returns on investments like bonds and trusts by developing complex plans to generate more interest and dividends.

International Economist

Multinational corporations, national governments, and international agencies all rely on these specialists to help shape financial policies. International economists study the impact of fluctuating exchange rates, global tariffs, and trade treaties. By projecting the effects of regional decisions and market shifts, international economists can recommend new agreements and policies that can correct trade imbalances or provide companies with significant competitive advantages.

Labor Economist

These specialists research and report on the supply and demand for labor. They analyze the ways that local or regional economies create shifts in wages that can potentially save corporations significant amounts of money by shifting jobs to lower wage areas. On the flip side, labor economists research the effects of shifting job markets on regions that cling too closely to one or two core specialties. By understanding the root causes of unemployment, labor economists can pinpoint the locations that can reap benefits from government grants and job training initiatives.

Public Finance Economist

Politicians love to roll out the pork barrel by sending grants and tax breaks home to their constituents. Public finance economists keep those programs on track by measuring the effects of government largesse. By analyzing trends in productivity and income, public finance economists can highlight critical situations that require adjustments to welfare, grants, or other forms of government assistance. They can also show voters how government intervention produced positive economic results, to justify rising tax rates or participation in controversial programs.

Econometrician

This fairly recent specialty has grown in response to demand from businesses that want to use every possible competitive advantage to become leaders in their markets. Econometricians rely heavily upon their math skills to create such things as game theory and regression analysis to formulate economic models that can be used for future forecasts. This long term forecasting allows large businesses to minimize the risk of making major changes, like opening up for business in a new country or preparing for eventual attack from competitors that do not yet exist.

Business Journalist

The explosion of small businesses and individual investors has created significant demand for experienced insight and analysis. Economists who share a passion for writing and journalism can earn solid income by reporting for mainstream newspapers like the Wall Street Journal or appearing on influential cable networks like CNBC or Bloomberg. Many economists with strong writing skills and clear points of view can build their own subscriber bases for newsletters or Web sites that advise readers to buy or sell stocks or bonds based on personalized research.

Legislative Assistant

As America plays a larger role in the global economy, lawmakers at every level rely on skilled economists to help them shape policies and laws to benefit their constituents. Many state legislators use economic forecasts to justify tax breaks or other benefits that can lure major employers or manufacturers to their areas. Lawmakers on Capitol Hill employ staff economists to forecast the effects of new regulations on international trade, tax revenue, and unemployment benefits.

Preparing for Economics Career Opportunities

Trends for Economics Careers

Economics career education is incredibly versatile and can apply to several specialty fields. In today's marketplace, where it is common for employers to downsize or merge, and employees to hold employment with several different employers, a degree in economics offers vast career opportunities for this 'free agent' marketplace.

The job outlook for those with economic degrees is expected to stay within the national average. Those who hold a master's degree or a PhD in economics have a much better chance at job placement.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), local, state, and federal government agencies employed 52% of all practicing economists in 2006.

Working at the state or local government level allows economists to apply their skills in areas such as forecasting population growth and the effect on tax revenue and increased expenses such as education. Economists in state and local government aid in establishing economic development plans for the regional economy.

Starting salaries for entry-level professionals with economics majors are typically higher than entry-level salaries for other bachelor's degrees.

Salary Information for Careers in Economics

It's a good thing that economists love to study money, especially since they'll earn a lot of it during their careers. According to the BLS, half of the economists earned between $55,740 and $103,500 each year in 2006, and the starting salary for bachelor's-degree-holding economists was $35,752 in 2007.

PhD graduates who start at their first job after receiving their diploma usually earn a minimum of $52,912 in their first year as professional economists. While many government economists earn roughly $94,098 per year, the top ten percent of economists working in the private sector earn annual salaries of $136,550 or more.

Traditionally, economists worked behind the scenes. Despite winning Nobel Prizes and shaping global business and politics, even influential economists like Milton Friedman and Ronald Harry Coase worked in relative obscurity. With today's consumers taking more active roles in investing, this century has started to produce a generation of superstar economists. Alan Greenspan, the economist who chairs the Federal Reserve Bank, can stop traffic and attract paparazzi on the same level as some rock stars.

Economists even work in glamorous positions in the entertainment industry, helping their employers plan lucrative concert tours and merchandise sales. In fact, Mick Jagger was an economics major in London before dropping out of school to pursue his career with the Rolling Stones. It's no secret that he has relied on his economic expertise to shape one of the largest moneymaking careers in the history of the music business.

Skills of Successful Economists

During their degree programs, economics majors develop a set of core skills that help them succeed at any job in their field. These core competencies allow professional economists to work in a variety of roles in the academic, corporate, and government arenas.

• Data acquisition skills: Economists rely on their ability to ferret out raw data from numerous sources to make accurate projections and recommendations. Not only must economists learn how to gather data from official reports and sources, they must develop the personal relationships and skills necessary to get accurate data, especially when that data could result in a negative analysis of a company or a policy.
• Competency in various data analysis techniques: Economists must be able to see between the lines to uncover patterns and relationships between seemingly unconnected sets of numbers. The best economists can find relationships between almost anything, which has led to some of the most important economic policy breakthroughs of the last century.
• Critical thinking skills: Economists routinely look beyond the ways that numbers add up to realize the deepest connections between pieces of information. Frequently, skilled economists set out to study a specific area only to reveal even more significant ramifications and applications of their work.
• Writing and reporting skills: Because their work routinely immerses them in numbers, economists must also learn to communicate their findings effectively through written reports and oral presentations. Politicians, businesspeople, and the general public all rely on economists to boil down their findings into bottom-line presentations. The most skilled economists can summarize their most important discoveries in television-ready sound bites. Other economists work with writers and producers to distill their insight into executive summaries and other pieces of communication that busy people can easily digest.
• Competency in the use of technical analysis software: As economists use more sophisticated tools to crunch numbers, today's degree programs train students on the most up-to-date systems. Understanding the latest software allows economists to work faster and solve more complex problems than their predecessors imagined possible.
• Ability to recognize economic trends and patterns. One of the most important skills an economist can develop is the ability to watch shapes and patterns emerge from raw data. By understanding the cyclical nature of markets and businesses, economists can more readily warn us of impending catastrophe or upcoming opportunities.

Certification and Licensure

Though there are no specific state or federal licenses required for students to gain work as economists, entry-level employers will often demand to see copies of a student's academic transcript.

An entry level position for an economist with the Federal Government requires a bachelor's degree with a minimum of twenty-one semester hours of economics and three hours of statistics, accounting, or calculus.

A master's degree is the typical minimum requirement for a teaching position in a junior or community college. Most colleges and universities require a candidate to hold a PhD in economics to be considered for employment as an instructor. Many private companies that hire economists expect their new hires to possess master's degrees or better.

Economists who work in investment banks or in other financial institutions often must follow the same certification rules and regulations as other bankers or brokers.

• Dietitian
• Nutritionist
• Pediatric dietitian
• Renal dietitian
• Clinical nutritionist
• Dietetic consultant
• Food service manager
• Private practice nutritionist or dietitian
• Management dietitian
• Food science researcher
• Pharmaceutical or food sales

Is a Degree in Nutrition and Food Science Right for You?

Successful nutritionists generally have the following characteristics:

• Excellent organizational skills
• Good planning skills
• Strong written and verbal communication skills
• Sincere interest in human health and well-being
• Self-discipline
• Compassion and sensitivity toward those with health problems
• Competent math skills, particularly with weights and measures

Once you decide to enter a degree program, make sure to research several schools to find the one that is right for you. For some, a traditional on-campus program is the way to go. But, if you are a working professional or someone who has to take care of a family, you may want to consider one of the many accredited online degree programs in nutrition and food science. These programs provide the highest quality education with the flexibility you need to fulfill your other obligations. These days, there is simply no need to quit your job or take time away from your family to continue your education.

Career Education in Food Science?

On-Campus and Online Degrees

The programs available in nutrition and food science are as diverse as the career paths that follow. Be sure to research the individual program you are applying to make sure it is a proper fit for you. Bachelor's, master's and doctorate degrees in nutrition are all available online and on-campus. Certificate programs also exist for nutrition professionals wishing to specialize in a particular aspect of the field. Think carefully about your desired career, because it will depend heavily on the degree you choose to get.

Certificate Programs in Nutrition

Certificate programs generally serve two types of students: total newcomers to the field, or experienced professionals who want to specialize in a particular area. Working professionals, such as registered nurses or experienced dietitians, may choose to earn a certificate in nutrition and food science to further their careers. These certificate programs are often offered online to accommodate the education without interrupting the individual's career.

New students or career changers might take a general certificate course to familiarize themselves with the field before committing to a full degree program. These certificate programs can also be used as preparatory classes, to make the degree program itself a bit easier.

Bachelor of Science Degrees in Nutrition

The bachelor's degree in nutrition is a basic four-year undergraduate degree. During their course of study, students will move from the basics of food science into the microbiology, processing, and chemistry of food.

Most nutrition and food science bachelor's degree programs begin with two years of general education requirements, such as the basic math, English and science skills necessary to study nutrition and food science in depth. Some introductory food science and nutrition courses are also usually offered, such as:

• Introductory writing
• Communications
• Mathematics courses geared toward those studying the life sciences
• General psychology and sociology
• Social studies and history
• Advanced chemistry
• Biology, microbiology, and biochemistry
• Basic physics
• Economics and agriculture courses
• Food safety
• Arts or humanities electives
The junior and senior years of a bachelor's degree program consist of more in-depth study of the food sciences. The student must have a good basic knowledge of the general biology and chemistry involved in the food sciences, or he won't be able to keep up. Applied math, such as statistics and agricultural marketing principles, are also usually covered during this time. Coupled with more intensive laboratory study in food technology and agricultural processes, these last two years can be very demanding indeed. Examples of upper-division bachelor's courses include:
• Microbiology of food (with labs)
• Statistics
• Agricultural marketing
• Food processing (with labs)
• Food technology (with labs)
• Food chemistry (with labs)
• Seminar in food science and nutrition
• Advanced nutrition
• Food product development
• Food analysis
All this training produces a professional who is capable of creating high quality, safe, and nutritious foods from natural materials. She knows how to plan, produce, market, and distribute these products, all with a keen eye toward safety and nutrition.

Master of Science Degrees in Nutrition

A master's degree program in nutrition and food science offers further specialization in specific aspects of the field. Most graduate programs require the student to have a bachelor's degree in nutrition and food science, as well as an acceptable GRE score. Many specializations are available to the graduate student, including:

• Reduction of disease risk through changes in diet
• Diet and exercise
• Metabolic regulation
• Nutrition problems in the elderly
• Food consumption habits of high risk populations
• Energy regulation and balance
• Nutrition, diet, and weight management

To graduate from most master's degree programs, the student must research and complete a master's thesis. This consists of a research project or paper, and presentation of this to a panel of faculty members. There is also usually a required amount of advanced coursework, as well as a possible internship requirement.

PhD Degree Programs in Nutrition

As the terminal degree program in nutrition and food science, PhD programs represent the very top of the field. PhD students research important problems and questions in nutrition and food science, often achieving breakthroughs in the industry prior to graduation.

At the heart of the PhD in nutrition and food science is the doctoral dissertation, which consists of a research problem to be solved by the student under the mentorship of a professor. The dissertation must be presented to a faculty committee and successfully defended in order for the student to graduate. The PhD in nutrition and food science also requires many upper-division courses. To be accepted into the PhD program, students must have a master's degree, or be prepared to complete one as part of the PhD program. PhD programs can be very competitive, but they prepare the student to work in the top echelons of the field, including research, university teaching and policy advocacy.

What can you do with a College Degree in Food Science?

Career options for aspiring dietitians, nutritional consultants, food service managers and more.

Nutritionists and dietitians work in a variety of environments, including private practices, public health clinics, public and private schools, universities and colleges, hospitals, correctional facilities, and nursing care facilities. Also, more private corporations are hiring dietitians to supervise and plan the menus for their company cafeterias, to help maintain the health of their staff. These companies offer the competitive wages and benefits that many public sector jobs lack.

As a dietitian, you can choose to work in an office at the administrative or managerial level, or right in the heart of the kitchen, supervising the preparation of food on the ground level. Be aware, however, that most career-track jobs in this industry require at least a bachelor's degree. Some of the jobs available to individuals with a degree in nutrition and food sciences include:

• Clinical dietitians usually work for an institution, such as a company, school, nursing care facility, or correctional facility. These dietitians create and manage meal programs for individuals and groups, based on their nutritional needs. They also report their findings to the management, and discuss possible courses of action with other healthcare professionals. Many clinical dietitians will specialize in dealing with a specific type of patient, such as those with renal (kidney) problems, diabetes, or weight control issues.
• Usually found in community and public health clinics, community dietitians focus on educating their constituents about how diet affects health. They counsel families on planning nutritional meals, and tailoring meals to specific health needs. This includes everything form planning the grocery list to how the food itself is prepared to maximize nutritional value.
• Food processors work in food processing plants to ensure that the food that reaches the grocery stores and restaurants we frequent each day is safe as possible. They also address efficiency problems, as well as marketing problems, within the context of their company.
• Nutritional consultants work with individuals and companies, recommending certain courses of dietary action to promote health through the absorption of nutrients by the body. Most consultants are self-employed, freelancing their consulting services out or bidding on consulting contracts.
• Focusing on the dietary and nutritional needs of children, pediatric dietitians can be self-employed or work for a school or children's hospital. If working out of a private practice, pediatric dietitians work with parents to develop dietary programs for their children to promote health and fight disease, particularly in children with diabetes or renal disorders. Pediatric dietitians working for a school or children's hospital create general and individual meal plans for students or patients, depending on the needs of the institution. They may also supervise the preparation of the food, as well as oversee the entire food service department of the institution.

As you can see, the careers available for individuals holding a degree in nutrition and food science are varied and numerous. Obtaining a degree in nutrition and food science, whether it is from a traditional on-campus program or through an accredited online or distance learning program, can help you get in on the ground floor of a diverse, exciting, and ever-growing industry.

Salary Information for Careers in Food Science and Nutrition

Careers are available in the nutrition and food science industry to suit many tastes and skill levels. The industry is expected to grow, and jobs in the food service industry are on the rise. Starting salaries for careers in nutrition and food science range from $25,000-$50,000. Chances for advancement are numerous, and experience in the industry allows entry into many other possible fields as well.

Certification and Licensure

While licensure varies from state to state, it is helpful to register and be licensed by the Commission on Dietetic Registration (CDR), part of the ADA (American Dietetic Association). This certification helps insure that you are a competent practitioner, and can be necessary or even essential when attempting to obtain state licensure.

Some schools, those approved by the CADE (Commission on Accreditation for Dietetics Education), include certification and licensure within their own states as part of their degree programs. Make sure you know whether the school you are applying for is CADE certified.

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